Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms

Table 2 Naturally available compounds inhibiting the NF-κB pathway

Compound name	Class	Natural sources	Mechanism of action	References
β-Cryptoxanthine	Carotenoids	Tangerines, persimmons, oranges	Elevates levels of IgM (B Cell receptor)	[9]
Lycopene	Carotenoids	Tomatoes, grapefruit	Elevated Levels of IgM	[27]
Betulinic acid	Pentacyclic terpenoid	Betula pendula (Birch tree) Eucalyptus Platanus (plane tree)	Increases levels of IgM	[60]
Tanshinone I	Diterpene	Salvia miltiorrhiza (red sage)	Syk inhibitor	[95]
Piceatannol	Stilbene	Vitis vinifera (red grapes)	Syk inhibitor	[13]
Quercetin	Flavonoid	Onions, apples, grapes	Syk inhibitor	[3]
Curcumin	Diarylheptanoid	Curcuma longa (turmeric)	Syk inhibitor, modulates CD 40L expression	[55, 101]
Glabrene	Flavonoid	Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)	Lyn inhibitor	[34]
Lactucopicrin	Sesquiterpene lactone	Lactuca virosa (wild lettuce)	Lyn inhibitor	[34]
Honokiol	Biphenol	Magnolia (laurel magnolia)	Lyn inhibitor, inhibiting proliferation and invasion, inducing apoptosis in Adenocarcinoma cells	[21]
Cannabidiol	Resorcinols	Cannabis sativa (hemp)	Modulates CD 40L expression	[55]
Azithromycin	Macrolide	Streptomycetes	Inhibits CD 40	[43]
Glycyrrhizin	Triterpene saponins	Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice)	Upregulated CD 40 expression	[7]

ISSN: 1756-8935