Fig. 2

Differentially methylated regions associated with gestational age and maternal smoking exposure interaction (interaction DMRs). a Manhattan plot shows the most significant interaction DMRs. DMRs < adjusted p value 0.05 are highlighted in blue. Red line; adjusted p value = 0.05. b Example of an interaction DMR spanning a bidirectional promoter of C21orf56 and LSS exhibits DNA hypermethylation between early second trimester (ST) and late ST from smoking-exposed fetal cortex samples, whereas unexposed fetal cortex samples exhibit hypomethylation. CGI; CpG Island c Gene expression (mRNA fold change) of C21orf56 shows no difference in fetal cortex by smoking exposure or stage of gestation