Enhancers and silencers: an integrated and simple model for their function

Table 1 Examples of genes or loci associated with enhancers, silencers or insulators^a

Gene/locus	Association	Type	Reference
IgH locus	mU element	Enhancer	[6]
β-globin locus	LCR	Enhancer	[12, 17, 26]
Kit	-114 kb	Enhancer	[72]
Arc promoter	eRNA	Enhancer	[28]
HOXA locus	HOTTIP	Enhancer	[35]
Prostate cancer cells	Androgen receptor	Enhancer	[20]
Sox2	SRR1/2	Enhancer	[90]
HO-1	+12.5 kb	Enhancer	[91]
Progesterone receptor	agRNA, miRNA	Silencer	[39, 41]
Androgen receptor	agRNA	Silencer	[37]
Cyclooxygenase-2	agRNA	Silencer	[37]
LDL receptor	agRNA	Silencer	[37]
Major vault protein	agRNA	Silencer	[37]
Huntingtin	agRNA	Silencer	[37]
Various target genes	Polycomb	Silencer	[44]
INK4-ARF locus	Polycomb	Silencer	[100]
XOXD locus	HOTAIR	Silencer	[33]
X chromosome	Xist	Silencer	[42]
Chicken β-globin locus	5'HS4	Insulator	[92]
ApoB locus	5' end of gene	Insulator	[93]
Drosophila HOX locus	Stalled RNAPs	Insulator	[53]
Mouse Igf2-H19 locus	CTCF	Insulator	[50]
Dystrophy locus	CTCF	Insulator	[94]
IL-3	CTCF	Insulator	[57]
GMCSF locus	CTCF	Insulator	[57]
Renin	CTCF	Insulator	[58]
ETNK2 locus	CTCF	Insulator	[58]
CFTR locus	CTCF	Insulator	[95]
c-Myc	CTCF	Insulator	[55]
Chicken α-globin locus	CTCF	Insulator	[96]

^aagRNA, antigene RNA; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor; eRNA, enhancer RNA; IgH, immunoglobulin H; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RNAP, RNA polymerase.

ISSN: 1756-8935