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Table 3 Phenotypes associated with either loss of KMT1, KMT6 or HP1 in fungal species

From: Loss of EZH2-like or SU(VAR)3–9-like proteins causes simultaneous perturbations in H3K27 and H3K9 tri-methylation and associated developmental defects in the fungus Podospora anserina

Species

KMT1 mutant

KMT6 mutant

HP1 mutant

References

Podospora anserina

Growth and development

Reduced production of aerial hyphae

Slight growth defect

Delay in resuming vegetative growth

Very poor growth

Less pigmentation

Overproduction of conidia

Misshapped fructification

Defect in spore germination

Reduced production of aerial hyphae

Slight growth defect

This study

Chromatin and regulation ChIP-seq

Loss of H3K9me3

Loss of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3

Broader H3K9me3 domains

Neurospora crassa

Growth and development

Reduced growth

Affected in sexual development

None

Reduced growth

Affected in sexual development

Basenko et al. [34]; Freitag et al. [48]; Jamieson et al. [33, 35]; Klocko et al. [36]

Chromatin and regulation

ChIP-seq and Hi-C

Affected in DNA methylation

Relocalization of H3K27me3

Loss of H3K9me3

H3K27me3 relocation and diminution

Loss of H3K27me2/3

Altered in chromosome conformation

Affected in DNA methylation relocation of H3K27me2/3, superimposition with H3K9me3

Fusarium verticilloides

Growth and development

Defects in conidiation, perithecium production and fungal virulence

Overpigmentation

N/A

N/A

Gu et al. [82]

Chromatin and regulation

N/A

N/A

N/A

Fusarium graminearum

Growth and development

N/A

Growth defects

Sterility

Overpigmentation

Reduced virulence

Overpigmentation

Connolly et al. [43]; Reyes-Dominguez et al. [83]

Chromatin and regulation

ChIP-seq

N/A

Loss of H3K27me3

Constitutive expression of genes encoding mycotoxins pigments-producing enzymes and other SM

Enhanced activity of activity of biosynthetic cluster genes

Epichloë festucae

Growth and development

Reduced vegetative growth

Deregulation of symbiosis

Deregulation of symbiosis

Deregulation of symbiosis

Chujo and Scott [42]; Chujo et al. [84]

Chromatin and regulation

ChIP-qPCR

Derepression of symbiosis-specific alkaloid genes clusters

Derepression of symbiosis-specific alkaloid genes clusters

Derepression of symbiosis-specific alkaloid genes clusters

Magnaporthe oryzae

Growth and development

Reduced vegetative growth

Reduced virulence

Reduced vegetative growth

Severe reduction in conidiation

Slight defects in appressorium formation

Reduction in pathogenicity

N/A

Pham et al. [46]

Chromatin and regulation

WB

Loss of H3K9me3

Loss of H3K27me3

N/A

Zymoseptoria tritici

Growth and development

Reduced vegetative growth

Reduced virulence

Reduced virulence

N/A

Möller et al. [45]

Chromatin and regulation

ChIP-seq

Loss of H3K9me3

TE activation and genomic rearrangements

H3K27me3 relocation

Reduction of H3K27me3

Loss of H3K27me3

Increased stability of accessory chromosomes

N/A

Aspergillus nidulans

Growth and development

No developmental phenotype

N/A

No developmental phenotype

Reyes-Dominguez et al. [85]

Chromatin and regulation

Enhanced expression of a subset of secondary metabolite (SM) clusters

N/A

Enhanced expression of a subset of secondary metabolite (SM) clusters

Aspergillus fumigatus

Growth and development

Reduced vegetative growth delayed conidiation

N/A

Reduced vegetative growth and delayed conidiation

Palmer et al. [86]

Chromatin and regulation

N/A

N/A

N/A

Leptosphaeria maculans

Growth and development

Reduced vegetative growth

Reduced virulence

N/A

Reduced vegetative growth

Soyer et al. [87]

Chromatin and regulation

ChIP-seq (WT only)

Up-regulation of pathogenicity-related genes

N/A

Up-regulation of pathogenicity-related genes

Penicillium oxalicum

Growth and development

N/A

N/A

Reduced vegetative growth

Delayed conidiation

Zhang et al. [88]

Chromatin and regulation

N/A

N/A

N/A

  1. Growth and development: macroscopic major defects caused by the specified mutant allele. Chromatin and regulation: H3K9me3 or H3K27me3 modification status in the mutant background and major impact on regulation of gene expression. Techniques used to characterize chromatin status are listed. ChIP-seq: chromatin immune-precipitation followed by sequencing, Hi-C: genome-wide chromosome conformation capture followed by sequencing, WB: Western blot