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Table 1 The changes of DNA methylation profiles affected by CS

From: The role of cigarette smoke-induced epigenetic alterations in inflammation

Sample size

Population

Tissue for DNA methylation analysis

Smoking status

Main result

References

Year

596

Chinese population

Whole blood

Current smoke

318 CpG sites were differentially methylated due to cigarette smoking.

Zhu et al. [15]

2016

745

European women

Whole blood

Current smoke

461 CpG sites were aberrant methylated due to cigarette smoking. Of them, 448 CpG sites were hypomethylated

Guida et al. [16]

2015

   

Former smoke

The methylation of 751 CpG sites were changed the recoded smoking status. Of them, 602 CpG sites reverted back to that of never smokers from up to 35 years after smoking cessation. 149 CpG sites remained differentially methylated > 35 years after smoking

  

123

Arab population

Whole blood

Current smoke

Aberrant methylation was detected due to tobacco smoking. The exact number of CpG sites was not mentioned

Zaghlool et al. [17]

2015

111

African American women

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Current smoke

910 loci were found to be differentially methylated in smokers

Dogan et al. [18]

2014

192

South Asian and European men

Whole blood

Current smoke

29 CpG sites at 18 unique loci were differential methylated in smokers

Elliott et al. [19]

2014

180

Italian population

Peripheral white blood cells

Current smoke/former smoke

17 and 19 loci in the breast cancer and colon cancer were differentially methylated between smokers, former smokers and never smokers. In former smokers, methylation levels at AHRR, 2q37 and 6p21 loci returned to the levels of nonsmokers with increasing time from cessation and those who had smoked more intensively had methylation levels that were closer to that of current smokers

Shenker et al. [20]

2013

1793

Augsburg population

Whole blood

Current smoke/FORMER smoke

972 CpG sites were differentially methylated after smoking. Of which, 187 CpG sites were differentially methylated in current smokers.

Zeilinger et al. [21]

2013

98

African Americans

Lymphocyte cells

Current smoke

Aberrant methylation was detected due to tobacco smoking. The authors listed 30 most significant methylated CpG sites without mentioning the exact number of methylated CpG sites

Philibert et al. [22]

2013

972

African Americans

Peripheral leukocytes

Current smoke

15 autosomal DNAm sites were significantly associated with current smoking using a Bonferroni corrected p value of 0.05. 89 DNAm sites associated with current smoking with FDR q value less than 0.05

Sun et al. [23]

2013

20

Hispanic newborns

CD4+ cells from cord blood

In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoke

10,381 CpG sites were differentially methylated by tobacco smoking. Of them, 557 differentially methylated regions were overrepresented in important regulatory regions, including enhancers

Howe et al. [24]

2019

1062 

Norwegian newborns

Cord blood

In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoke

Differential DNA methylation of 26 CpG sites mapped to 10 genes were found in newborns born to smoking mothers compared to nonsmoking mothers

Joubert et al. [25]

2012

1042

Norwegian newborns

Cord blood

In utero exposure to maternal tobacco smoke

Maternal smoking affected DNA methylation of 26 CpG sites that mapped to 10 genes in newborn cord blood if the mother smokes past 18 weeks in pregnancy, whereas significant effects on methylation were not observed for mothers that quit before 18 gestational weeks

Joubert et al. [26]

2014